JUA: Penn African Studies Bulletin (02/10/03)

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AREA EVENTS & LECTURE SERIES ********************************************************************************

February 10, 2003 "Language, Exile, Dispossession & Counter Discourse" Abena Busia English Department at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey Time: 7:00PM-9:00PM Place: Scheuer Room Swarthmore College

February 10, 2003 War and Medicine in the Middle East: Protection and Medical Assistance to Victims of Conflict Chris Giannou International Committee of the Red Cross Time: 4:30PM - 6:00 PM Place: Biomedical Research Building II/III (BRB II-III), Room 251

February 13, 2003 Theorizing Lecture Series "La Fantasia RÈclamÈe: Embodiment in the Works of Assia Djebar" Suzanne Gauch Temple University Time: 6:00 PM Place: Kelly Writers House, 3805 Locust Walk

February 14, 2003 "Celebration of Black Literature" Chinua Achebe Charles Stevens Professor of Languages and Literatures at Bard College Time: 4:00PM Place: Irvine Auditorium (admission is free and open to the public)

February 15, 2003 PERFROMANCE Ladysmith Black Mambazo "Ladysmith Black Mambazo continued to imbue its music with a haunting, ethereal, dreamlike quality. Its seven bass voices and two of its three tenors sang such close harmonies and with such subtle nuances that they sounded like one deep, rich, resonant and proud voice." -- The New York Times For more information about Ladysmith Black Mambazo, visit http://www.mambazo.com/ Time: 8:00 P.M. Place: Zellerbach Theatre For tickets, please visit http://www.annenbergcenter.org/subscriptions/series.php?series=african

February 17, 2003 "English as a Foreign Anguish: African Diaspora & The Silencing of Tongues" Kamau Brathwaite Comparative Literature Department at New York University Time: 7:00PM-9:00PM Place: Scheuer Room Swarthmore College

February 25, 2003 Africa Health Group "Healing and Post-War Reintegration in Mozambique and Angola" Alcinda Honwana Time: 4:30PM Place: Biomedical Research Building II/III 253

February 27-28, 2003 African Studies Center Sponsored Event The African Americas Symposium Place: Logan Hall, Room 17 & Terrace Room For more information, please visit http://www.sas.upenn.edu/lals/03symposium.htm

February 28, 2003 Penn Inter-Areal Spring Lecture Series Middle East Center, South Asian Regional Studies Center, South East Asian Studies Center and the African Studies Center "World Music: The South African Story" Carol Muller University of Pennsylvania, Department of Music Time: 12:00PM-1: 30PM Place: TBA

March 4, 2003 "Documenting the African Experience of Slavery: History, Literature, Film" Kofi Anyidoho Swarthmore College Time: 4:15P.M. Place: Scheuer Room Swarthmore College

March 7, 2003 Spring Lecture Series "'The Weapon Nakedness:' Niger Delta Women's 2002 Protests against Chevron Texaco" Misty Bastian Franklin & Marshall College Time: 12:00PM-1: 30PM Place: TBA

March 21, 2003 Spring Lecture Series "The Governance of Protected Areas in Eastern and Southern Africa" Peter Rogers Bates College Time: 12:00PM-1: 30PM Place: TBA

March 21, 2003 Outreach Event "Doing Business in Africa Time: 4:30PM-6:00PM Place: TBA

March 25, 2003 Africa Health Group "Local Strategies for AIDS Prevention in Rural Malawi" Steve Feierman University of Pennsylvania, Department of History and Sociology of Science Time: 4:30 PM Place: TBA

March 27, 2003 African Studies Center Sponsored Event "African Union and the Way Forward" Professor George Ayittey American University Time: 4:30PM-6:00PM Place: Stiteler B26

March 28, 2003 Spring Lecture Series Title: TBA Ezekiel Kalipeni University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Time: 12:00PM-1:30PM Place: TBA

April 4, 2003 Outreach Event K-12 Teachers Workshop: "Islam in West Africa" Time: 3:00PM-5:00PM Place: Rainy Auditorium, University Museum

April 4, 2003 Spring Lecture Series Title: TBA Richard Hosier United Nations Development Program Time: 12:00PM-1:30PM Place: TBA

April 11, 2003 Scholars for a Day Liisa Malkki & James Ferguson Time: 8:30PM-6:00PM Place: TBA

April 18, 2003 Outreach Event "Africa in the Media" Time: 4:30PM-6:00PM

April 29, 2003 Africa Health Group Title: TBA Kwaku-Ohene-Frempong, MD University of Pennsylvania Time: 4:30PM Place: TBA

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CONFERENCES ********************************************************************************

15th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies July 14-18, 2003 Hamburg, Germany

The 15th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies is organized by the University of Hamburg, Germany. The thematic focus will be on the humanities, with several sessions devoted to various aspects of archaeology, history, religion, languages, literature, arts, anthropology and social sciences (including law and politics).

For more information, contact: 15th ICES Organizing Committee Hamburg University Asia-Africa Institute Edmund-Siemers-allee 1, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany Fax: +49-40-42838-5675 E-mail: ices2003@uni-hamburg.de/website: Website: www.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/ICES2003

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CONFERENCES & CALLS FOR PAPERS ********************************************************************************

Liberian Studies Association 35th Annual Meeting March 27 - 29, 2003 Broome Community College, Binghamton, New York

The Liberian Studies Association is welcoming paper submissions for its 35th Annual Meeting to be held at Broome Community College in Binghamton, New York on March 27-29, 2003. The intent is to facilitate year-around communication and efforts among interested parties. It is hoped that this will lead to annual reports of work accomplished being given at future meetings, rather than just "academic" papers. Some of the areas where such working groups might be productive include *Liberia's Arts (including music) *Health *Natural Environment *De-militarization, Rehabilitation, and Re-education of participants and victims of Liberia's conflicts *Repatriation (of human an financial capital) *Expatriate Affairs (including legal concerns) *Education *Liberia's Media *Preservation and diffusion of Liberia's History and Media (Indiana archives: papers, newspapers, audio-tapes, photographs, etc.), and the funding and conversion of those materials to permanent digital form so that they can be made available throughout Liberia at minimal cost *Early maps of Liberia *Indigenous Knowledge Systems; *Development, and so forth. If you have ideas along these or other lines, contact those you think also might be interested in such an effort and then submit a proposal for an initial meeting. The idea is to add to our usual conference format a more long-term applied focus on the nation. For further information, contact: Dr. Gordon C. Thomasson P.O. Box 1017, Broome Community College (SUNY), Binghamton, NY 13902 Telephone: (607)778-5097. E-mail: thomasson_g@sunybroome.edu

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The South Eastern Regional Seminar on African Studies (SERSAS) Annual Spring Meeting April 11-12, 2003 Carrollton, Georgia ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The South Eastern Regional Seminar on African Studies (SERSAS) is pleased to announce the call for papers for its annual spring meeting and conference. The meeting will be hosted April 11-12, 2003, at the State University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, U. S. A.

This CFP is currently open in terms of disciplines and topics, and prospective participants are invited to propose panels as well as individual papers. SERSAS prides itself on providing an informal, collegial environment for the exchange of academic ideas, research, and papers relating to all aspects of African studies. Advanced graduate students are welcome to submit work-in-progress proposals and faculty are encouraged to bring along advanced graduate students. Further information about directions, accommodation, and panels will be made available in due course. Please check the SERSAS website noted below. For more information, or to submit a proposal, please contact the coordinators: Dr. Aran S. MacKinnon Department of History, State University of West Georgia 1600 Maple St., Carrollton, GA, 30118 Tel. (770) 836-4554 E-mail: amackinn@westga.edu

Dr. Nonso Okereafoezeke Department of Criminal Justice Belk Building Western Carolina University Cullowhee, NC 28723 Tel. (828) 227-2177 E-mail: nonso@wcu.edu

For more information about SERSAS and to see past papers and conferences, please visit the SERSAS website: http://www.ecu.edu/african/sersas/homepage.htm

For more information about our hosts at the State University of West Georgia or for directions, please consult the website: http://www.westga.edu/

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 13th Annual Conference of the Pan African Anthropological Association Anthropology and the Contemporary Global Trends University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa June 29-July 4, 2003 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Anthropologists as well as other social scientists should make a concerted effort to understand the underlying historical and cultural motivations that contribute to ethnic and religious conflicts so that they may assist in humankind's understanding of its existence and the need for cooperation in the global village. There is a challenge for social scientists to explore the sub-themes mentioned below. *Indigenous Knowledge Systems *Aids/HIV and Health Inequalities in Africa *Gender and Development Issues *Sport, Culture and Tourism *The teaching of Anthropology and its future in the 21st century *Ethnicity and Racism issues *Perspectives on NEPAD and AU *Poverty and Human Rights *Research Ethics and Methodologies The Conference will be held at the University of Port Elizabeth in South Africa from June 29-July 4, 2003.

PAN AFRICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (PAAA) University of Port Elizabeth PO Box 1600 Port Elizabeth 6000 South Africa Tel: 27 41 504 2185 Fax: 27 41 504 7425 Email: ANADLB@upe.ac.za

David Mills, Anthropology Coordinator, C-SAP: Centre for learning and teaching Sociology, Anthropology and Politics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT Phone: 01865 793328 Fax 0121 414 7920 Email: d.mills@bham.ac.uk Website: www.c-sap.bham.ac.uk

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Stanford & Berkeley Joint Center for African Studies Conference on Popular Culture in Africa April 26, 2003 Stanford University ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Submissions: February 15, 2003 Popular culture in Africa is a vibrant site of cultural production and interaction that reflects the power of the informal sector. It is commonly understood in opposition to official or "high" culture of museums, formal theaters, galleries, and corporate film and music distribution. Such concepts create misleading boundaries that efface the mutual appropriation of forms and sites of cultural production. Indeed, the production of popular culture can be a sphere for expressing shared aesthetic and social values among disparate socioeconomic groups, including dominant elites and marginalized, impoverished groups (e.g., as in the audiences for certain kinds of humor). Thus there are alternative and sometimes conflicting ideas about what popular culture is and how to use the term analytically. One of the goals of this conference is to sharpen our understanding of the term itself.

Popular culture derives its vibrancy from its resonance with "tradition" and from its engagement with trans-local circuits of culture. But the engagement with tradition is not an uncritical performance of a by-gone past. Instead, it is often a statement of new aspirations and meanings drawing on traditional as well as new media. Popular culture draws from the local even as it engages with new developments in transnational movements, vernacularizing them in particular ways. In this manner, it may provide space for the oppositional understandings and inversions of dominant cultural forms. The study of popular culture in Africa thus provides opportunities to probe its performative as well as its political and economic aspects, to interrogate the linkages between the production and consumption of culture, and to probe historical changes in the field.

The Stanford-Berkeley Joint Center for African Studies invites papers and presentations of popular culture in Africa and on related topics. Registration for the conference is free. Each participant is responsible for his or her own transportation, hotel and meal expenses. Please contact Stanford's Center for African Studies for a list of local hotels.

Please send a one-page abstract with a title, name, position or job title, affiliation and department, mailing address and e-mail address, telephone and fax number. Individuals whose papers are accepted will be asked to (1) Submit papers by April 10, 2003 for distribution to the discussants. The Center reserves the right to remove from the conference program papers that are not made available by that date. (2) Submit a request for special equipment, e.g., slide or overhead projectors, cassette recorder, by April 3, 2003. (3) Notify the Center whether or not copies of your paper can be given to the Stanford and University of California, Berkeley libraries. Notification must be received by the date of the conference. Unfortunately, we can not accommodate requests to have papers read in the absence of the author. Send questions application materials to Christine Capper Program Administrator Center for African Studies Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-2152 Fax: 650-723-8528. Email: ccapper@stanford.edu

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ "War All the Time?: Perspectives on 'War' in the Everyday" Department of Anthropology at Columbia University Boas/ Benedict Conference April 14, 2003 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Abstracts: February 21, 2003 The Department of Anthropology at Columbia University will host a graduate student conference on April 14, 2003. The title of this year's conference is War All the Time?: Perspectives on "War" in the Everyday

Addressing the disturbance and disruption that accompanies potential and actual violence deployed by the state, this conference will seek to illuminate a virtual "state of war" as it is both constructed and lived through. Considering the current "War on Terrorism" in the context of other contemporary and historical productions of warfare worldwide, we hope to explore the avenues through which a "legitimated" war is made possible. If the production of warfare has changed over time, what legal and institutional mechanisms might nurture an environment of "virtual" war? What is the place of propaganda, spectacle and rumor in the production of a "state of war"? How is paranoia manufactured and employed, and how is it reproduced and
experienced in the everyday?

For consideration, please submit three copies of an abstract to: BOAS/BENEDICT CONFERENCE COMMITTEE Columbia University Department of Anthropology 452 Schermerhorn Extension Mail Code 5523 New York, NY 10027 Abstracts are due by February 21, 2002. Accepted papers will be due by March 21, 2002.

Please address any questions to: Alejandra Leal (aml2012@columbia.edu) Angeliki Rovatsou (ar606@columbia.edu) Jon Carter (jhc2010@columbia.edu)

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Rights in Africa: New Contexts, New Challenges, New Agendas Program of African Studies Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois May 8-9, 2003. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Abstracts: February 21, 2003 Throughout the final decades of the twentieth century, notions of human rights consistent with the Western Enlightenment have been expanding to include an egalitarian focus on economic, social, and cultural rights. The interrelated and indivisible nature of human rights, initially expressed in the African Charter on Human and People's Rights, is reaffirmed in this new context. Questions regarding how these emerging concepts of rights should be used to define basic standards of human dignity are raised by politicians, administrators, legal authorities, and activists in the continent's newly democratizing nations. A sense of incompleteness characterizes the corpus of human rights law and jurisprudence worldwide, provoking discussions and advances in legal and social thinking, and challenging the judiciary, the state, and civil society to develop "justiciable" laws and institutions guaranteeing basic human rights. In this conference we would like to reflect upon how Africa is defining such an agenda.

While we recognize that the evolution of economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights is an ongoing project, this conference will offer an opportunity to take stock of the situation in the region. For example, what is the current state of the debate regarding economic, social, and cultural rights in Africa? What theories underpin these rights? How have human rights laws and principles influenced or changed government priorities, especially with regard to marginalized groups, creating a society where humanity and individual choice for all counts? How governments ration their scarce resources begets the central question of defining priorities. What are the appropriate methodologies and conceptual tools necessary for delineating and dealing with issues such as: unequal access for women and girls to resources like inheritance and health care? How do concepts of ESC relate to the negative effects of globalization and the activities of international corporations in the region? How do governments use ESC principles to determine choices in resource derivation and allocation, prison reform, accountability, etc?

This conference will continue the discussion begun at the American Anthropological Association annual meeting in November 2002 in the panel "Anthropology and Women's Human Rights: Crosscutting Interests and Complementary Agendas - Stimulating the Dialogue." The panel analyzed useful applications of human rights in anthropological inquiry and anthropology to human rights through a number of case studies that demonstrated how anthropologists and human rights activists have collaborated to understand cultural patterns and to change harmful practices. To extend this dialogue, we now focus on Africa, a region where ongoing innovative work is expanding the interpretation and "justiciability" of a variety of human rights agreements. The aim of this conference is to comprehend these advances and the social experiences undertaken in a field that bridges law and the social sciences. We also wish to consider ways in which human rights lawyers, researchers, and activists are addressing discrimination and inequality as well as encouraging social, cultural, and environmental change. Such discussions will enrich our understanding of these issues and further promote the dialogue on human rights in both Africa and North America.

Topics may include, but are not limited to, the following: * Political asylum (e.g. gender-based persecution) * Children's rights (e.g. child soldiers) * Reproductive health rights (e.g. FGM, HIV/AIDS) * Violence against women * Environmental rights * International corporate responsibility * Right to food * Inheritance laws * Religious freedom * Access to education * Armed conflict and recovery

Scholars interested in taking part in the conference are invited to submit paper abstracts (200 words) along with their curriculum vitae, by February 21, 2003. Some funds are available for travel within the USA and other expenses.

Materials should be sent to: Leni M. Silverstein (l-silverstein@northwestern.edu) Program of African Studies, Northwestern University 620 Library Place, Evanston, Illinois 60208-4110, USA 847-491-3739 (fax)

Conference Organizers: Leni M. Silverstein, senior research associate, Program of African Studies. Sheila Dauer, Director, Women's Division, Amnesty International, USA.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought in Africa (ISITA) Program of African Studies at Northwestern University Third Annual ISITA Colloquium: Muslim/Christian Encounters in Africa May 22-25, 2003 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Abstracts: March 1, 2003 The Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought in Africa will hold a colloquium on May 22-25, 2003, devoted to scholarship on the interactions between Muslims and Christians in Africa, past and present. Recent inter-religious conflicts in Africa suggest a decline in tolerance between Muslims and Christians. Violence has erupted in Nigeria and Tanzania, for example, over the imposition of Islamic law and codes of conduct, hardening cleavages between Muslim- and Christian-dominated areas. This is symptomatic of the growing importance of religion in the public arena.

In North Africa and the Horn, Christians and Muslims have a long history of mostly peaceful interaction dating back to the earliest spread of Islam in the seventh century. In sub-Saharan Africa, encounters between the two religions came at different times, the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries along the coast and after the eighteenth century in the interior regions. Under colonial rule, European administrations pursued a wide variety of religious policies, in some places promoting the rise of an educated Christian elite (e.g. Kenya and Tanzania) and in others protecting the powerful Islamic polities against Christian encroachment (Northern Nigeria and Northern Sudan). Presently, theological traditions, changes in demographic patterns, the growth of religious militancy, and global religious trends have become important factors in the struggle of individuals to make sense of political turmoil, economic disparity, and social upheaval. In the Sudan, such interaction has resulted in a decades-long civil war. In Nigeria, religious interaction ranges from extreme intolerance in some Northern states to easy peaceful coexistence in the Southwestern states. In Senegal, where Islam has been a strong influence since the eleventh century, ecumenicalism prevails. In many other parts of the continent, Muslims and Christians interact with relatively little friction, and it is not uncommon to find members of the same family following different religious paths. Possible topics for colloquium papers are the following: *The role of Islam and/or Christianity in public life in Africa *The role of international religious organizations in Africa *Religion in civil society *Conversion to/from Islam/Christianity *Intermarriage between Muslims and Christians *Human rights and religious law (sharia in Nigeria, for instance) *Life histories and/or biographies of Muslim or Christian theologians, clerics, intellectuals, or philosophers

Interested scholars are invited to submit paper abstracts of not more than 300 words, along with their curriculum vitae by 1 March 2003. As funds and space are limited, ISITA is able to accept only a small number of submissions and provide partial travel support for a few participants; others are urged to seek their own funding.

Materials may be emailed to r-shereikis@northwestern.edu or sent to Rebecca Shereikis ISITA Coordinator Program of African Studies Northwestern University 620 Library Place Evanston, Illinois 60208-4110

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SCHOLARSHIPS & FELLOWSHIPS ********************************************************************************

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2003-2004 Post-Doctoral Fellowship Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture University of Chicago ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: February 17, 2003 The Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture at the University of Chicago invites applications for the 2003-2004 post-doctoral fellowship to begin September 29, 2003. Qualified candidates from all disciplines who have their Ph.D. are encouraged to apply.

The goal of the fellowship is to support the work of an outstanding scholar whose research focuses on the study of race or ethnicity by allowing the fellow to devote his or her full energies to the further development of their research agenda. The fellowship carries a stipend of $35,000 and a travel and research budget of $2,500. The fellow will be provided with office space and a computer at the Center and full access to University libraries and other facilities. Awardees will be expected to be in full-time residence during the academic year beginning September 29, 2003, present his or her work at one of the Reproduction of Race and Racial Ideologies Workshop meetings and actively participate in the workshop and other activities sponsored by the Race Center. There will be no teaching responsibilities.

The Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture (CSRPC) at the University of Chicago is committed to moving the study of race and ethnicity beyond the black/white paradigm. The work of faculty affiliated with the Center explores different processes of racialization experienced within groups as well as across groups in sites as diverse as North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Asian Pacific, and Europe. We are especially interested in work that highlights the intersection of race and ethnicity with other identities such as gender, class, sexuality and nationality, and interrogates social and identity cleavages within racialized communities.

Applicants for the 2003-2004 academic year are required to have a Ph.D. currently and to send 1) Description of the project(s) that will be undertaken over the course of the fellowship year (3-5 pages). 2) Writing sample, which may be a published or un-published work (not to exceed 30 pages). 3) Curriculum vitae. 4) Three letters of recommendation under separate cover.

Complete applications must be received at the address below by February 17, 2003 for full consideration. Awards will be announced by March 31, 2003. For additional information call (773) 702-8063 or e-mail csrpc@uchicago.edu

Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture The University of Chicago Attention: Postdoctoral Fellowship Selection Committee 5733 S. University Chicago, Illinois 60637

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SCALI 2003 Fellowship ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Deadline for Applications: March 7, 2003 University of Illinois Center for African Studies invites applications for the Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowships for African Language for the summer term, 2003. The Center for African Studies at the University of Illinois, pending funding from the US Department of Education, works in conjunction with other African Studies units nationwide to offer African language courses during the summer. For more information, please visit http://www.ohiou.edu/linguistics/dept/SCALI/Index.html

For details on applying for the SCALI 2003 program, contact FLAS Committee Center for African Studies 210 International Studies Building 910 S. Fifth Street Champaign, IL 61820

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West African Research Center Travel Grant ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: March 15, 2003 The West African Research Center in Dakar, Senegal is offering travel bursaries of up to $2500 to West African scholars and graduate students. These funds may be used to:

1) Attend and read papers at academic conferences relevant to the applicant's field of research 2) Visit libraries that contain resources necessary to the applicant's current academic work 3) Travel to research site.

Applications consist of the following: *A description (6 double-spaced pages max) of applicant's research and how the travel is relevant to his work. *CV with research and teaching record when applicable *An abstract of the paper to be read and a letter of acceptance to the conference *A description of the collections to be consulted and their significance to the research

The deadline for travel between July 1, 2003 and December 31, 2003 is March 15, 2003.

Submit applications to: West African Research Center/ Centre de Recherche Ouest Africaine, B.P. 5456 (Fann Residence), Rue E x Leon G. Damas, Dakar Senegal Telephone: 221-865-22-77 Fax: 221-824-20-58 Website: http://www.warc-croa.org

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ West African Research Association Summer Institute for College and University Faculty Contemporary Islam in West Africa: Senegal in Perspective Dakar, Senegal June 15-29, 2003 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

As a contribution to the urgent need to increase American understanding of the Muslim world, the West African Research Association is offering this intensive two-week summer institute for college and university faculty. The institute will be based at the West African Research Center in Dakar, Senegal, and its focus will be on this important West African Muslim country noted for its stability, social harmony, and working democracy. The institute is intended for faculty who wish to enhance and develop either teaching or research related to the issue of Islam in Africa. To the extent possible, the Institute director and the staff of WARC will help participants pursue individual interests in making research contacts or developing teaching materials.

In order to provide as broad a perspective as possible on the various facets of contemporary Islam in Senegal, participants will be offered a series of lectures, seminars and discussion sessions at WARC, with both Senegalese academics and with various religious leaders and activists. They will also travel to religious sites and to "ordinary" non-urban centers outside of Dakar to examine the practice of Islam in everyday Senegalese life. An initial three days of lectures in Dakar is planned, followed by a trip to the holy city of Touba (center of the Mouride Sufi order) and to the historical city of St. Louis. Week Two will include further seminars and talks in Dakar, as well as a two day trip to other sites, including a non-urban setting. We will conclude with a day in a pleasant beach resort in Sali-Portudal.

The cost per participant is $2,500. This fee will include the full cost of the seminar sessions at WARC (all lectures and seminars); fourteen days of single-occupancy hotel accommodations; all local transportation costs; breakfasts, lunches, and approximately one half of the evening meals; and all local and in-country transportation. Participants will be responsible for their own airfare to and from Dakar; bar, telephone and other incidental hotel expenses; and occasional evening meals.

Participation in the seminar will be limited to 12. For more information or an application form please contact WARA at adamkis@africa.ufl.edu. A $500 deposit is required to reserve a space upon notification of acceptance to the institute. This deposit will be non-refundable after 15 April 2003. The balance of $2,000 must be paid before the start of the institute. A detailed program will be sent to all participants in early May. If you have any questions, please contact Leonardo A. VillalÛn, director of the Center for African Studies at the University of Florida and current President of the West African Research Association. Leonardo A. VillalÛn Director, Center for African Studies The University of Florida 427 Grinter Hall P.O. Box 115560 Gainesville, FL 32611-5560 Tel: 352-392-2187 Fax: 352-392-2435

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Summer Arts Institute Arts and Culture of African, African American, or African Diasporic Communities University of Maryland June 28-August 4, 2003 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: March 21, 2003 The David C. Driskell Center for the Study of the African Diaspora at the University of Maryland is hosting its first Summer Arts Institute from June 28 to August 4, 2003, designed primarily for upper class undergraduates intending to pursue a master's of fine arts or doctoral degree in any humanistic field with a focus on the arts and culture of African, African American, or African diasporic communities. The goal of the Institute is to encourage promising students to pursue careers in the arts and study of African diasporic culture.

The Institute will entail five weeks of seminars; hands-on workshops in a range of media (such as visual, musical, or performance arts, video, creative writing, web technologies); visits to local arts and cultural institutions; conversations with accomplished artists and scholars. Students will work on a scholarly or creative project to be shared in a culminating exhibit or roundtable. Participants will receive round trip air travel, a modest stipend, a meal card, appropriate supplies, and access to the UM library, computer labs, and other facilities; they will be housed on the UM campus.

Applications from upper class undergraduates or the equivalent, and recent graduates (within two years of the BA) are welcomed from which, approximately sixteen students will be chosen to participate. They will be provided with round trip air travel from their home to the UM campus in College Park, lodging and meals for the duration of the program, access to UM facilities, a stipend.

The application consists of 1) a personal statement 2) an official undergraduate transcript 3) a 500 - 1000 word project proposal, outlining either a scholarly question of interest or a creative work the applicant wishes to realize 4) two letters of recommendation, which may be sent separately

The applicant should send also any relevant supporting materials such as slides, a writing sample (not to exceed 3000 words), etc. The deadline for receipt of all materials and supporting documents is March 21, 2003. The Driskell Center will notify those selected for participation in the Institute by April 30, 2003. For more information, please contact Michelle Henderson Tel: 301-405-6835 Email: mlhender@umd.edu www.driskellcenter.umd.edu

Applications should be sent to: The David C. Driskell Center Attn: Summer Arts Institute Program 2114 Tawes Fine Arts Building University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Benjamin A Gilman International Scholarship ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: April 15, 2003 The Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship sponsored by the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs and administered by the Institute of International Education is a program that enables students who have limited financial means to participate in study abroad opportunities worldwide. The program provides awards of up to $5,000 for U.S. citizen undergraduate students at two-and four-year institutions to pursue semester or academic-year long study opportunities in other countries. To be eligible, students must be receiving a Federal Pell Grant at the time of application and cannot be studying abroad in a country currently under a U.S. Department of State Travel Warning. For more information, application deadlines and the online application, please access the Gilman Program web site at www.iie.org/gilman . For travel in Fall 2003, the deadline for applications is April 15, 2003.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Community Foundation of Dutchess County Stanley J. Tarver Memorial Scholarship ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: April 18, 2003 The Community Foundation of Dutchess County, located in Poughkeepsie, New York, is pleased to offer the Stanley J. Tarver Memorial Scholarship. The Stanley J. Tarver Memorial Scholarship Fund was established by the Tarver family in memory of their son, Stanley. This fund provides a scholarship to a graduate student of African descent or an African American who is matriculating toward a Doctorate or a Masters Degree in African history and/ or culture, and who has completed at least one year of graduate study at a college or university in the United States. The Stanley J. Tarver Memorial Scholarship will be a $1,000 per semester award, for a maximum award of $2,000 per academic year.

To apply, please contact Stanley J. Tarver Memorial Scholarship The Community Foundation of Dutchess County 80 Washington Street, Suite 201 Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 Tel: 845-452-3077 Fax: 845-452-3083 Email: cfdcl@hvc.rr.com Website: www.communityfoundationdc.org

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SUMMER OPPORTUNITIES ********************************************************************************

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Penn In Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam, Tanzania July 7-August 8, 2003 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Deadline for Applications: March 1, 2003 Penn-in-Dar es Salaam is a five-week program that will provide students with an opportunity to study at the University of Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam is a coastal city on the Indian Ocean. Frequent boat services to the spice islands of Zanzibar are available. The historic town of Bagamoyo, Tanzania's game reserves and snow capped Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa are a few among the many attractions in the country and are easily accessible from Dar es Salaam via, bus, train, automobile or plane.

The program will offer students a menu of courses covering topics on Tanzania and other East African countries. Participants in the Penn-in-Dar es Salaam program will experience Tanzania's new multi-party democratic system and liberalized market economy. They will stay with Tanzanian host families to experience the country's diverse languages and cultures. Students will register for AFST 494: Swahili Language and Culture and will choose an additional course either AFST 275: Government, Politics, and Development in Tanzania and Other East African Countries or AFST 276: Social Structure of Tanzania Societies. Weekly field trips will be organized for each course within and around Dar es Salaam. For more information and course descriptions, please visit http://www.upenn.edu/summer/abroad/dar_es_salaam/dar_es_salaam.html

The application deadline is March 1, 2003. For an application, admission and registration, please contact:

Penn Summer Abroad College of General Studies University of Pennsylvania Tel: 215-746-6900 Email: summerabroad@sas.upenn.edu Website: www.upenn.edu/summer/abroad

For academic and program information, contact: Dr. Paul Kaiser African Studies Center Tel: 215-898-6449 Email: pkaiser@sas.upenn.edu

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ National African Language Resource Center Summer Institute for African Language Instructors June 2-20, 2003 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: March 3, 2003 As interest in African language learning and teaching increases, so does the need to prepare graduate students and teaching assistants who are planning to pursue African language teaching as a profession. The Summer 2003 Institute has been designed to help meet this need. It will train fellows in a number of crucial areas central to the effective design and operation of an African Language Program. African language scholars who are interested in professional development are also encouraged to participate in the institute.

The program consists of a three-week intensive introduction to: a) African Language Program development, coordination and evaluation; b) Teaching the Productive Skills (Speaking and Writing) in the African Language Classroom c) Teaching the Receptive Skills (Listening and Reading) in the African Language Classroom.

Fellows will learn how to start a new African language program and how to enhance an existing one. They will also have hands-on experience on how to teach both the productive and receptive skills.

Applicants must be graduate students in good standing in any African language, linguistics, cultural studies, literature, second language acquisition, or any related field at an accredited institution of higher education. African language instructors and scholars may also apply. Experience in teaching African languages is preferable. To apply, the applicant should submit a letter of application and supporting documents (which include a CV and three letters of recommendation, one of the letters should be from the director of the applicant's African language program) for the summer 2003 institute by March 3, 2003. Applications may be submitted by mail or through electronic mail. Send to: National African Language Resource Center 4231Humanities Building 455 N. Park Street Madison, WI 53706 Tel: (608) 265-7905 Fax: (608) 265-7904 E-mail: nalrc@mhub.facstaff.wisc.edu.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ University of Natal International School ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: March 31, 2003 The University of Natal is offering an intensive 5 week International School Program from June 23 - August 1, 2003. This program presents an opportunity to study in KwaZulu-Natal, the most populous and diverse province in South Africa. Students get the opportunity to learn Culture and Diversity, Service Learning and Zulu Language and Culture at the Durban campus. The Pietermaritzburg campus offers Zulu language, Art and culture, community service and policy issues, and Turbulent Times: A history of KwaZulu-Natal from days to present. It integrates theory and practice through site visits as well as hands on experience with multi-media learning. Students earn credits through continuous assessment and an exam at the end of the program. For more details about the program, please visit the site: http://www.und.ac.za/und/is/index.html.

Applications close on March 31, 2003. Inquiries may also be directed to Dr. Catherine Ndinda, Ph.D., Coordinator International School Rick Turner SU Building, 4th Floor Room 412 University of Natal 4041, Durban SOUTH AFRICA Tel: +27-31-260-2677 Fax: +27-31-260-2136 E-mail: iws@nu.ac.za

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Cross Cultural Collaborative, Inc. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Cross Cultural Collaborative, Inc. (CCC) is an educational non-profit organization that promotes cultural exchange and understanding. It is a research center and meeting place for exhibits, community based art workshops, performances, conferences, classes, and other activities to promote cultural awareness and appreciation. Their goal is to bring people together from different cultures where they can get to know each other through the language of art.

Workshops are held at the center, located next to the ocean in a suburb of Accra. CCC, Inc. has a Ghanaian staff, resident manager and is in a gated community with clinics and hospitals nearby. CCC, Inc. invites scholars from all over the world to work with Ghanaians on collaborations that range from mosaic walls to documentary films.

To learn more about this program, visit http://www.culturalcollaborative.org/workshops.htm, or contact: Ellie Schimelman, Director 45 Auburn St. Brookline, MA 02466 Telephone: (617) 277-0482

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JOB OPPORTUNITIES ********************************************************************************

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Northwestern University: Library Bibliographer of Africana ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Established in 1954, the Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies at Northwestern University is the largest separate library devoted to African studies in existence. With holdings of about 286,000 volumes and 2800 current serials, the Herskovits Library's collections are strongest for Africa south of the Sahara. Although a separate library, the Herskovits Library is an integral component of Northwestern University Library. The Herskovits Library is closely linked with the curricular and research programs of Northwestern University's Program of African Studies. Established in 1948 by Melville J. Herskovits, the Program of African Studies is one of the earliest interdisciplinary centers of its kind and serves as the academic, administrative and social center of the University's Africanist community. Further information about the Herskovits Library is available from its website, www.library.northwestern.edu/africana.

MLS from an ALA accredited library school or an advanced degree in an Africa-related social sciences or humanities discipline, three years of successful library or equivalent experience including collection development experience, effective skills in both oral and written communication, education and experience that provides for a clear understanding of research and scholarly communication in African studies, competence in French and familiarity with publishing in Africa, the African book trade and Africana vendors. Competence in an African language, Portuguese or written Arabic are strongly desired as are experience and interest in electronic formats and digital technologies.

For more information about this position, please email Peter Devlin at library-personnel@northwestern.edu

To apply, please letter of application and resume, including names of three references, to Peter J. Devlin Personnel Librarian Northwestern University Library 1935 Sheridan Road Evanston, Illinois 60208-2300 Review of applications will begin immediately and continue until position is filled. Northwestern University is an Equal Opportunity, Affirmative Action Employer. Employment eligibility verification required upon hire.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ University of Florida: Tenure Track Assistant Professor of Kiswahili ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: February 15, 2003 The Department of African & Asian Languages & Literatures (AALL) at the University of Florida (UF) invites applications for a tenure track Assistant Professor position in Kiswahili effective August 2003. All sub-specializations (language instruction, linguistics, literature, film, etc.) will be considered. Salary will be competitive and will depend on the selected candidate's accomplishments and experience. Applicants must have at least a near native command of Kiswahili. All interested individuals should have three referees write directly to the address below. They should also send to the search committee 1. a letter of application, 2. a current cv, including the names and addresses of the three referees, 3. copies of two recent publications which reflect their specialization, and 4. a copy of at most two chapters of the analytical portions of their dissertations if the PHD degree is relatively recent. Applications must be postmarked by February 15, 2003.

UF is home to a National Resource Center--African Studies (CAS). It has a very productive exchange program with the University of Dar-es-Salaam. The University libraries have an excellent Africana collection. There is a comparatively large contingent of East Africanist faculty distributed among the various colleges and departments. The selected individual will have ample opportunity to participate in the many facilities and resources available at UF.

Please send applications to: Swahili Search Committee Department of African & Asian Languages & Literatures University of Florida 470 Grinter Hall P.O. Box 115565 Gainesville, FL 32611-5565 UF is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Institution

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(Senior) Lecturers Political Sociology and Human Rights Institute of Social Studies The Hague, The Netherlands ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: February 15, 2003 The ISS is an international center for higher education and research in development studies. Post-graduate teaching programs conducted in English are offered at the Diploma, MA and PhD levels. ISS has two vacancies: 1) (Senior) Lecturer/ Associate Professor in the field of Political Sociology 2) Lecturer/Senior Lecturer in the field of Human Rights.

The two positions will be based in the multidisciplinary Staff Group on States, Societies and World Development. Applicants should demonstrate experience in comparative enquiry in one or more of the following regions: Africa, Asia, the former Soviet Union/Eastern Europe, Middle East, Latin America & the Caribbean. For both positions, the successful candidate will contribute in teaching, research and project/advisory work.

The vacancies are tenure track and special attention will be given to younger applicants. The post in political sociology must have competence in at least two of the following areas: Non-governmental organizations (NGO's) and development; social movements, collective action and forms of resistance, culture and power and development; identity politics, citizenship and nation-state. Further information about this vacancy can be obtained from Professor Mohammed Salih (salih@iss.nl) or Dr. Wil Hout (hout@iss.nl). The post in human rights must have competence in at least two of the following areas: *Civil and political rights *Economic, social and cultural rights *Gender issues *Labor, children or minorities' rights *International human rights law *Human rights and social policy.

Further information about this vacancy can be obtained from Dr. Karin Arts (arts@iss.nl) or Dr. James Busuttil (busuttil@iss.nl). Applications should reach the ISS by 15 February 2003.

Detailed information about the Institute of Social Studies, these vacancies, and the terms and conditions, along with the application procedure, can be found on the ISS web page (http://www.iss.nl) under JOBS. Applications, with a c.v. and the names of three referees, should be sent by mail to the personnel office att. Ms B.Tabink, ISS, PO Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Princeton University: Visiting Professor & Visiting Fellow ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: February 28, 2003 The Institute for the Transregional Study of the Contemporary Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia at Princeton University invites applications for the positions of Visiting Professor/Lecturer and Visiting Fellow/Research Fellow. Candidates with expertise in the area of the Institute's 2003-2004 theme, "Religion and Power Revisited: The Confrontation of Religious Identities and the Predicament of Secularism in the New Globalized World" are encouraged to apply. Applicants for Visiting Professor/Lecturer should be academics of high stature or active in relevant public life and may be from any discipline; professor/lecturer teaches one course and participates in Institute activities. Visiting Fellows/Research Fellows conduct independent research and have no teaching obligations; recent Ph.D. recipients encouraged to apply. Appointments may be for one academic year or one semester; travel assistance to Princeton provided; salary or stipend based on qualifications.

Complete information and application instructions at http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~transreg or from the Institute; telephone: 609-258-2178; fax: 609-258-0204; e-mail: transreg@princeton.edu Application deadline: February 28, 2003.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Eckerd College: Tenure Track Position ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Deadline for Applications: March 31, 2003 The discipline of Political Science invites applications for a tenure track position at the assistant professor level to begin September 2003. The department seeks a broadly educated scholar trained in Comparative Politics with a regional specialization in the politics of East Asia/Pacific Rim to support majors in Political Science, International Relations and the College's East Asian Studies program. The discipline may also consider strong candidates who have specializations in the Middle East or Africa. The applicant should have strong teaching skills and be able to offer courses in Comparative Politics and East Asian Politics. The applicant must also be prepared to teach introductory research methods/statistics on a regular basis as a required element of this position, and also make periodic contributions to the College's interdisciplinary general education program. Ph.D. in hand by the start of the contract date is strongly preferred.

Applicants should send letter of interest, vitae, three letters of recommendation, teaching evaluations, transcripts and writing samples by March 31, 2003 to: Dr. Anthony R. Brunello Chair Search Committee Department of Political Science/BES Eckerd College 4200 54th Avenue South St. Petersburg, Florida 33711 Eckerd College is an EOE employer.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Winrock International: Irrigated Rice Specialist-Mali ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Winrock International is seeking an irrigated rice specialist for work in Mali. Applicant must have 10 years experience working in irrigated rice. A M.A. or higher in agronomy, plant breeding or pathology is preferred. Experience working in irrigated production systems for vegetables, rice and other food crops. Persons applying should have experience working or living in West Africa and speak both English and French. Please send a resume and cover letter to: Winrock International BPA 457 Bamako, Mali

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ World Vision: Operations Director-Sierra Leone ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

World Vision seeks an operations director for Sierra Leone. The operations director is responsible to lead, support and coordinate field operations of World Vision Sierra Leone, to ensure that they are efficient and effective, and meet the goals and objectives of World Vision and community partners as laid out in the annual operations plan and grant agreements.

The position requires a M.A. or postgraduate degree in development related subjects, strong oral and written communication skills as well as good cross-cultural communication skills. Computer literacy, including word processing and spreadsheet skills, knowledge of and commitment to the ethos, core values and mission statement of World Vision are also necessary. Please send resumes and cover letters to: International Recruiting World Vision US Suite 270 220 I Street, NE Washington, DC 20002

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Browne Global Solutions: Interpreters ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ B rowne Global Solutions is a language company that hires out freelance interpreters for immigration court all across the US. We are currently in need of speakers of many African languages including but not limited to: Soninke, Fula/Fulani, Hausa, Ewe, Twi, Wolof, Hassaniya, Songo, Bambara, Mandingo, Malinke, Bassa, Nubian, etc. If interested, please contact: Katharyn Quintanilla, Regional Project Coordinator Bowne Global Solutions 1730 Rhode Island Avenue, Suite 308 Washington, DC 20036 Tel: 800-423-6756 ext.137 Fax: 202-496-0608 katharyn.quintanilla@bowneglobal.com www.bowneglobal.com

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ African Studies Center University of Pennsylvania 647 Williams Hall Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 Phone: (215)-898-6971 Fax: (215)-573-7379 e-mail: africa@sas.upenn.edu Website: http://www.africa.upenn.edu ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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