This course on housing markets and urban development in emerging and developing economies will focus on housing and residential infrastructure provision: the demand, supply, financial, legal and regulatory, and institutional aspects. This is a professional course, preparing students to take on leading roles in the development of the residential sector in their home countries or in international corporations and agencies.

The pace of urban growth in developing countries over the past three decades has been dramatic, but is presently stabilizing. Developing and emerging economies are in a state of transition and are increasingly focusing on market-driven approaches in the provision of housing and infrastructure, since government programs have often proven to be inefficient. We will analyze the causes and problems of the particular urban forms and systems which have developed in various regions of the world. We critically assess the strategies that have been used to deal with increasing needs for housing and infrastructure and the market-based strategies that are presently being implemented. We will discuss the main issues and processes involved in policy and program formulation for urban development under different conditions as well as the critical problems in implementation and management of urban development programs. Examples from across the developing world will be used, from Africa and Latin America to Eastern and Central Europe, and China.

The process of synthesis leading to program/project formulation will be instructed by using case-studies: interdisciplinary groups of students will work on a policy, program or project proposal which will be professionally presented to the class.

Urban development is a multi-disciplinary field. The course is therefore aimed at students from various backgrounds but with a similar interest in problems of urbanization and urban development in emerging and developing economies. The course is divided into four unequal parts:

I. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, URBAN GROWTH PATTERNS AND URBAN/HOUSING POLICY

Urbanization Trends and Prospects, Housing and Urban Indicators

International Development Context, Urban Development- and Housing Strategies

Migration, Urban Economy and Employment Structure

II. URBAN/HOUSING MARKETS, POLICY AND PROGRAM FORMULATION

The Role of Markets, The Role of Government

Housing Supply Systems

Needs, Demand and Preferences for Housing and Infrastructure

Standards and Design of Urban Housing and Infrastructure

Land Tenure, Land Markets

Finance for Housing and Infrastructure

Construction Industry

III. INSTITUTIONAL AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Decentralization/Privatization

Public- and Private Partnerships

The Role of NGOs and CBOs

IV. CASE STUDIES AND STUDENT PRESENTATIONS

Course requirements: There are two requirements: 1) A professional paper due at the end of the semester, 2) A group project and class presentation of a case-study. Depending on class-size there may be some small assignments for class reading and discussion.

I. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, URBAN GROWTH PATTERNS, DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN AND HOUSING POLICIES

International Comparison of Urban Growth Figures and Housing Indicators

The Housing Indicators Program, Vol. 1, Report of the Executive Director, 1995, World Bank, UNCHS. Handout.

Flood, Joe, 1997, Urban and Housing Indicators, in, Urban Studies, Vol 34, No.10. Handout.

World Development Report 1996, World Bank, Oxford University Press. Handout.

International Urban Development Context: Multilateral and Bilateral Aid Organizations /Private Consulting Firms, NGOs/CBOs

An Urbanizing World, Global Report on Human Settlements 1996, UNCHS (Habitat), Oxford University Press, 1996. Chapter 1, The Global Context.; Chapter 2, Regional Perspectives on Population and Urbanization, Latin America and the Caribbean, East and Central Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Africa. On Reserve.

* M. Gillis, et.al., 1992, Economics of Development, Third Edition, Norton, New York & London. Ch. 8. BP.

Further Readings:

Kaufmann, Daniel and Aleksander Kaliberda, Integrating the Informal Economy into the Dynamics of Post-Socialist Economies, 1997, Policy Research Working Paper, 1691, World Bank, Washington, DC. On reserve.

Michael Todaro, 1976, Urban Job Expansion, Induced Migration and Rising Unemployment, in, Journal of Development Economics, Vol.3. On reserve.

International Labour Office, 1973, Employment, Incomes and Equality, ILO, Geneva, Introduction and Summary.

* Marja Hoek-Smit, Historic Overview of Development Theories and related Urban and Housing Strategies, Lecture Notes BP

* Krugman, Paul, 1994, Urban Concentration: The Role of Increasing Returns and Transport Costs, in, Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics, Michael Bruno and Boris Pleskovic, eds, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. BP

* Haggard, Stephan and Steven B. Webb, 1993, What Do We Know About the Political Economy of Economic Policy Reform?, in, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 8, No. 2. BP

* From Plan to Market, World Development Report 1996, 1997, World Bank, Oxford University Press. Introduction, Understanding Transition. BP

* Pugh, Cedric, 1994, The Idea of Enablement in Housing Sector Development:The Political Economy of Housing for Developing Countries, in, Cities, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp 357-371. BP

* Jones, Gareth and Ward, Peter M., Tilting at Windmills: Paradigm Shifts in World Bank Orthodoxy, in, Macro Methodological Approaches, BP

* Kosta, Mathey, 1992, Positions on Self-Help Housing, in, Beyond Self-Help Housing, Mansell London. BP.

Further Readings:

World Bank, 1993, Housing: Enabling Markets to Work, Washington, DC. Reserve

Turner, John, F.C., 1982, Issues in Self Help and Self-Managed Housing, in, Peter Ward, Self-Help Housing: A Critique, ed., Mansell. Reserve.

World Bank, 1991, Urban Policy and Economic Development. An Agenda for the Nineties, in, World Bank Policy Paper, Washington, DC. Reserve

UNCHS, 1996, An Urbanizing World, Towards Gender-Aware Housing Policies. Renaud, Bertrand, 1991, Housing Reform in Socialist Economies, in,World Bank Discussion Papers, No. 125. Reserve.

* Grigsby, William and Marja Hoek-Smit, 1996, Housing Policy Choices, Notes for the Housing Finance Training Program, BP.

* Zhong Yi Tong and R.Allen Hays, 1996, The transformation of the Urban Housing System in China, in, Urban Affairs Review, Vol. 31, No.5. BP

* Renaud, Bertrand, 1995, The Real Estate Economy and the Design of Russian Housing Reforms, Part I, in, Urban Studies, Vol. 32, No.8, pp.1247-1264. Part II, Vol. 32, No. 9, pp.1437-1451. BP.

* Gilbert, Alan, 1992, Third World Cities: Housing, Infrastructure, and Servicing, in, Urban Studies, Vol. 29, No.s 3/4. BP.

* Heged s, J zsef and Iv n Tosics, 1990, Moving Away From the Socialist Housing Model: The Changing Role of Filtering in Hungarian Housing, in, Government and Housing, Developments in Seven Countries, Willem van Vliet and Jan van Weesep, ed.s, Urban Affairs Annual Reviews, Vol. 36., Sage Publications. BP.

Further Readings:

Burns, L. and L. Grebler, Resources Allocated to Housing Investment: A Comparative International Study, in, Economic Development and Cultural Change, October 1977. Reserve.

Rakodi, Carol, 1992, Housing Markets in Third World Cities: Research and Policy Into the 1990's, in, World Development, Vol. 20, No. 1

Baer, William, 1991, Filtering and Third World Housing Policy, in Third World Planning Review, Vol.13, No.1, pp. 69-82.

Buckley, Robert and Stephen Mayo, 1988, Housing Policy in Developing Economies, Evaluating the Macroeconomic Impacts, World Bank Discussion Paper, IUDD. Reserve.

Alm, James and Robert Buckley, 1993, Privatization by Local Governments in Reforming Economies: A Net Worth Perspective, Office of Housing and Urban Programs, USAID Working Paper. Reserve.

Hoek-Smit, Marja, 1988, Guidelines for the Development of a Support Strategy for the Informal Sector in Housing and Infrastructure Provision,USAID, Washington, DC. Reserve.

Desoto, Hernando, The Missing Ingredient, in, World Politics and Current Affairs, The Economist Special 150 Years Edition, pp. 8-12. Handout.

* Malpezzi, Stephen and Stephen Mayo, 1987, The Demand for Housing in Developing Countries: Empirical Estimates from Household Data, in, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 35, No. 4. BP.

Further Readings:

Struyk, Raymond J., 1987, Assessing Housing Needs and Policy Alternatives in Developing Countries, USAID, Washington. Reserve.

Daniere, Amrita, 1992, Determinants of Tenure Choice in the Third World: An Empirical Study of Cairo and Manilla, in, Journal of Housing Economics.

McCallum, Douglas and Benjamin, Stan, 1985, Low-Income urban Housing in the Third World: Broadening the Economic Perspective, in, Urban Studies Vol. 22, pp. 277-287. Reserve.

* Drakakis-Smith, David, 1995, Third World Cities: Sustainable Urban Development, in, Urban Studies, Vol. 32, No. 4-5, pp.659-677. BP

* Rapoport, Amos, 1988, Spontaneous Settlements as Vernacular Design,in,Spontaneous Shelter, Carl V. Patton, ed., Temple University Press.BP.

* Goldsmith, William W. and Porus Olpadwala, 1992, The Sustainability of Privilege: Reflections on the Third World City, Poverty and the Environment, Cornell University. BP.

Further Readings:

Dowall, David E., 1991, Less is More: The Benefits of Minimal Land Development Regulation, in, Regularizing the Informal Land Development Process, Vol. 2, USAID, Washington, DC. Reserve.

Bernstein, Janis D., 1994, Land Use Considerations in Urban Environmental Management, Urban Management Program, UNDP/World Bank/UNCHS. Reserve.

The Bertaud Model, December 1981, A Model for the Analysis of Alternatives for Low-Income Shelter in the Developing World, Urban Development Department, Technical Paper No. 2, World Bank. Reserve.

Foster, David, 1989, Viewing Environmental Protection as Investment in Urban Infrastructure, in, Urbanization and the Environment in Developing Countries, compiled by USAID. Reserve.

World Health Organization, 1993, Environmental and Health Aspects of Planning Urban Areas, WHO/PeP/RUD/93.1. Reserve.

* Doebele, William A., 1987, The Evolution of Concepts of Urban Land Tenure in Developing Countries, in, Habitat Intl., Vol. 11, No. 1. BP.

* McAuslan, Patrick, 1988, Land Policy: A Framework for Analysis and Action, in Journal of African Law, pp. 185-206. BP.

* Bertaud, Alain and Bertrand Renaud, 1996, Socialist Cities Without Land Markets: Lessons of the Failed Socialist Experiment, in, Journal of Urban Economics. BP.

* Infrastructure for Development, World Development Report 1994, 1995 World Bank, Oxford University Press. Chapetrs 1,2,3.

* Strassmann, Paul, 1984, The Timing of Urban Infrastructure and Housing Improvements by Owner Occupants, in, World Development, Vol. 12, No. 7, BP

Further Readings:

Baross, Paul and Jan van der Linden, ed.s, 1991, The Transformation of Land Supply Systems in Third World Cities, Avebury, Gower Publishing Company, Vermont, Chapter 1. Reserve.

Carol Rakodi, 1987, Land, Layouts and Infrastructure in Squatter Upgrading,in, Cities, pp. 348-370. Reserve.

Dowell, David E., April 1991, The Land Market Assessment, A New Tool for Urban Management, Urban Management Program, UNDP/World Bank/UNCHS. Reserve.

McAuslan, Patrick and Catherine Farvaque, 1991, Reforming Urban Land Policies and Institutions in Developing Countries, Urban Management Program, UNDP/World Bank/UNCHS. Reserve.

* Buckley, Robert, M., 1996, Housing Finance in Developing Countries, St. Martin's Press, New York. Chaperts 2 and 3. BP

Kyang-Hwan Kim, 1997, Housing Finance and Infrastructure Finance, in, Urban Studies, Vol.34, No.10. pp 1597-1620

Renaud, Bertrand M., 1995, Housing Finance in Transition Economies: The Early years in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, paper based on the plenary presentation made to the XXIst World Congress on Housing Finance institutions, London, September 13, 1995. Reserve.

* Ferreira, David and Kamran Khatami, 1996, Financing Private Infrastructure in Developing Countries, World Bank Discussion Paper No. 343, Washington, DC.

Further Readings:

Sustainable Financing Strategies for Housing and Urban Development, A Contribution to the City Summit, 1996, UNCHS. Reserve.

Marja Hoek-Smit, Alternative Approaches to Low- and Middle-Income Housing Finance for Indonesia, USAID, 1997, On reserve.

Renaud, Bertrand, 1987, Another Look at Housing Finance in Developing Countries, in, Cities, pp. 28-34.

Peterson, George, E., 1991, Infrastructure Finances, Vol. 1, Financing Urban Infrastructure in Less Developed Countries, USAID, Washington, DC. Reserve.

The World Bank, 1995, Better Urban Services, Finding the Right Incentives, Development in Practice Series, Chapter 3 and 4. BP

* George Peterson, 1997, Decentralization in Latin America, Learning Through Experience, World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies, World Bank, Washington, DC. BP.

* Uphoff, Norman, 1986, Local Institutional Development: An Analytical Sourcebook with Cases, Kumarian Press, Chapter 7. BP.

* Akoff, Russell, 1984, On the Nature of Development and Planning, in, People Centered Development, Contributions Toward Theory and Planning Frameworks, David Korten and Rudi Klaus ed.s, Kumarian Press.BP.

Further Readings:

The State in a Changing World, 1997, World Development Report 1997, Oxford University Press. Chapetrs 1,2,3.

Johnson, R.W., 1991, Decentralization: Improving Urban Management in Asia, USAID/ RTI Publications. Reserve.

UNCHS, 1996, An Urbanizing World, Chapter 5, Institutional Trends and the Crisis of Governance, 5.1, and Chapter 9 Settlements Planning and Management., 9.6. BP

Hoek-Smit, Marja, 1995, Transforming South Africa's Housing and Urban Development Strategy: Towards a Community Driven Process, forthcoming, Urban Studies (1997). On reserve.

Skinner, R.J., 1983, Community Participation: Its Scope and Organization,Ch. 6 in, People, Poverty and Shelter, R.J. Skinner and M.J. Rodell, New York, Methuen. On reserve.