UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER |
Fighting Back : African Strategies Against the Slave Trade
An International Conference at
Livingston Campus, Rutgers University, New Jersey
February 16-17, 2001
The Rutgers Department of History and Center for African Studies in collaboration with the UNESCO Nigerian Hinterland Project of York University, Canada, are sponsoring an international conference, Fighting Back : African Strategies Against the Slave Trade.
This conference is unique in its topic and scope, and constitutes the first scholarly attempt to consolidate scattered information about the various dimensions of African peoples resistance to the slave trade. Scholars will present research that will open up new directions for studies in African history, as well as the history of the Atlantic World, African-American history and the history of the African Diaspora. It will challenge widely-held myths of African passivity and complicity in the slave trade by using history, literature, oral tradition, psychology, the arts, traditional cultural forms and political science to show that resistance to enslavement and involvement in the slave trade was much more pervasive than acknowledged by the orthodox interpretation of historical literature.
While most studies of the slave trade focus on the volume of captives and on their ethnic origins, few concentrate on the strategies Africans used to protect themselves and their communities. Moreover, most scholarly references to this crucial topic are dispersed among a variety of specialist studies, where they are often treated as marginal to the broader theme of the slave trade. However, no picture of the slave trade, across the Atlantic, the Sahara, or the Indian Ocean, or indeed within Africa itself, can be complete without a systematic study of the ways in which men and women responded to the threat and reality of enslavement. Individuals, families, communities, and states used a variety of strategies. They included, but were not limited to: the defensive planning of settlements, architectural design, the establishment of refugee villages, and the relocation of villages. Others involved the redemption of captives, the use of occult protection, religious interdiction against sale, attacks on slaving forts and entrepôts, and revolts by captives.
The papers presented at the conference will cover a wide area of Western and Central Africa from the 16th to the 20th centuries. As a group, they will offer an unusually comprehensive and historically accurate narrative of a critical chapter in the global story of the slave trade.
Conference Sponsors
The conference is sponsored by the Rutgers-New Brunswick Department of History, the Center for African Studies at Rutgers, and the UNESCO/York University (Canada) Nigerian Hinterland Project; the Secretariat, African Studies Association; the Rutgers Research Council, Office of the Dean, Livingston College, Office of the Dean, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Office of the Dean of Research, Cook College; the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture of the New York Public Library, December Ventures, Incorporated, and Air Afrique Airlines.
This program was made possible in part by a grant from the New Jersey Council for the Humanities, a state partner of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Registration and Information
The conference is free; however, registration is required.. For updated information about the conference, as well as registration forms, conference program and hotel and travel information, please visit http://history.rutgers.edu or send email inquires to rcha@rci.rutgers.edu.
Center for Historical Analysis
Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey
New Brunswick, N. J. 08901
732/932-8701
Location and Accommodations
The conference will be held at the Livingston College Student Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 84 Kilmer Avenue, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
You may view directions to campus and campus maps at www.rutgers.edu/kiosk/findplaces.shtml.
The following hotels are offering a special conference rate. Please identify yourself as attending the Fighting Back conference at Rutgers for special rates.
University Inn and Conference Center
178 Ryders Lane
New Brunswick, NJ 08901
732/932-9144/9148
$77 per room
Embassy Suites
121 Centennial Avenue
Piscataway, N.J. 09954
800/362-2779
$105 Per Suite
(includes full breakfast, complementary cocktails)
Ramada Inn
195 Highway 18 South
East Brunswick, N. J. 08816
732/828-6900
$79 per room
Holiday Inn Somerset
195 Davidson Avenue
Somerset, N. J. 08873
732/356-1700
$89 per room
Hyatt Regency
2 Albany Street
New Brunswick, N.J. 08901
732/873-1234
CONFERENCE PROGRAM
FRIDAY 16
9:00 9:30 Opening Remarks
9:30 12:00 : THE LANDSCAPE AS STRATEGY
Against the Slave Trade
Elisée Soumonni - Université Nationale du Bénin, Cotonou, Benin
From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century
Thierno M. Bah - Université de Yaoundé, Cameroon
Resistance to Slavers and the Slave Trade in Central Africa
in the late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Dennis Cordell - Southern Methodist University
And Land Occupancy
Adama Guèye - Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
12:00 1:30 : LUNCH BREAK
1:30 3:30 : DEFENDING ONESELF AND ONES GROUP
Baldwin Chika Anyasodo - Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, Nigeria
From Unlawful Enslavement to Freedom in Central Angola
Jose Curto -York University, Canada
To the Slave trade in Igboland
Ndu Life Njoku - Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
3:30 3:45 : COFFEE BREAK
3:45 6:00 : PROTECTING THEIR OWN: FAMILIAL AND COMMUNAL STRATEGIES
John Oriji - California Polytechnic State University
of Old Calabar in the Late 18th Century
Paul Lovejoy - York University, Canada
David Richardson - University of Hull, United Kingdom
Sylviane A. Diouf - Rutgers University
SATURDAY 17
9:30-12:00 : FIGHTING FROM WITHIN: SLAVE RESISTANCE AND REVOLT
Olatunji Ojo -York University, Canada
Ibrahim Hamza -York University, Canada
Ismail Rashid - Vassar College
Century Igboland
Carolyn Brown - Rutgers University
12:00 1:30 : LUNCH BREAK
1:30 3:30 : CASE STUDIES
Sylvie Kandé - New York University
Djibril Tamsir Niane - UNESCO Slave Route Project, Guinea
exist': The Gold Coast Times and the British Abolition of Slavery in
Colonial Ghana, 1874-75
Kwabena Akurang-Parry Shippensburg University
3:30 3:45: COFFEE BREAK
3:45 6:00 : STRATEGIES OF THE STATE AND THE STATELESS
to the Slave Trade
Walter Hawthorne - Ohio State University
Martin A. Klein - University of Toronto, Canada
the Role of the State
Joseph Inikori - Rochester University
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The conference is free and open to the public. Please fill out the registration form and fax it to (732) 932 8708. You may also register online at: http://history.rutgers.edu or send an email to rcha@rci.rutgers.edu.
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Biographies:
Kwabena Akurang-Parry teaches in the Department of History & Philosophy, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, Pennsylvanie. Formerly, he was a Visiting Assistant Professor in African history at Tulane University, New Orleans. He holds a Ph.D. in African history from York University, Toronto, Canada. He has contributed chapters to books on African history and has published articles in learned journals. Some of his forthcoming articles will appear in The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, and Historich Tijdschrift Groniek. Akurang-Parry is also a published poet.
Baldwin Chika Anyasodo is Principal Lecturer in the Arts Department, Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, Nigeria. An accomplished artist, he has written and illustrated several books, and three of his plays have been broadcast on television. He is a member of UNESCO International Association of the Arts and is on the national committee of the Nigerian Society of the Arts.
Thierno M. Bah, a native of Guinea, studied at Dakar University and received his Ph.D. at the Sorbonne in Paris. He is a Professor of History at the University of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Prof. Bah is an expert in the military history of Africa, and was the editor of the pan African historical journal Afrika Zamani from 1972 to 1995. He has published numerous articles and contributions on pre-colonial African history with a focus on the military dimension and the foundation of a peace culture. He is a consultant for UNESCO.
Carolyn Brown is an Associate Professor of History at Rutgers, the State University of New jersey and a specialist in West African labor history and the connections between wage labor and slavery under colonialism. She is currently directing a videotaped oral history project in southeastern Nigeria on the memory of the Atlantic and internal slave trade. Her book We Were All Slaves: African Miners, Culture and Resistance at the Enugu Government Colliery, Nigeria 1914-1950 is forthcoming in the Heinemanns Social History of Africa Series. She is now working on a social history of Enugu during the nationalist period.
Dennis Cordell is Professor of History and Associate Dean for General Education at Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. He is the author of Dar al-Kuti and the Last Years of the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade (1985); co-editor with the late Joel W. Gregory of African Population and Capitalism: Historical Perspectives (1987 and 1994); and co-author with Victor Piché and Joel Gregory of Hoe and Wage: A Social History of a Circular Migration System in West Africa (1996.) He is now working on a study of social reproduction and the Saharan slave trade and a history of African population.
José C. Curto is Sessional Assistant Professor of African History at York University, Toronto, Canada. His area of research is Angola and includes studies in the alcohol-slave trades, historical demography, and slavery. He has published papers in International Journal of African Historical Studies, Annales de démographie historique, Africa, African Economic History, Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos, and History in Africa. Having recently completed a study on the alcohol-slave trades at Luanda and its hinterland, he is now preparing, with Susan Herlin, the 3rd edition of the Historical Dictionary of Angola for Scarecrow Press.
Sylviane A. Diouf is Research Associate at Rutgers University. She is the author of Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas (NYU Press 1998), named an Outstanding Academic Book of 1999 by Choice Magazine. She has published several articles and book chapters on the African Diaspora, West African Muslims, and migrations. She is an on-camera expert for This Far by Faith, a PBS-TV series, and has edited a collection of essays on immigrants in America. She is the author of four books on African kings and queens (2000), of Growing Up in Slavery (2001), and Bintous Braids (2001).
Adama Guèye is a History doctoral student at Université Cheikh Anta Diop in Dakar, Senegal. She specializes in medieval history. She has studied the impact of the slave trade on Cayor and Baol for her Diplôme dEtudes Approfondies, and her dissertation will extend her research to the entire Wolof and Serer areas.
Ibrahim Hamza obtained degrees in African History from Usmanu Dan Fodiyo University in Sokoto, Nigeria. He did field research on Hausa oral history at Bayreuth University, Germany, and on Hausa land tenure. He is currently a Research Assistant at York/UNESCO Nigerian Hinterland Project, and a Ph.D. candidate at York University, Toronto, Canada.
Walter Hawthorne received a Ph.D. in African history at Stanford University in 1998. On a Fulbright Fellowship, he conducted research among the Balanta and other stateless societies in Guinea-Bissau. Currently an Assistant Professor at Ohio University, he is working on a book titled Embattled Anarchies: The Slave Trade and the Upper Guinea Coasts Stateless Societies, 1450-1900, which will be published in the Heinemann Social History of Africa Series.
Joseph Inikori is Professor of History and African and African-American Studies, and Associate Director of the Frederick Douglass Institute for African and African-American Studies at the University of Rochester. His research and teaching center on the evolution of the world economic order from the 16th century onward. He has published many articles on the slave trade in various journals and anthologies, and is the author of The Chaining of a Continent: Export Demand for Captives and the History of Africa South of the Sahara, 1450-1870 (University of the West Indies) and The Atlantic Slave Trade (Duke University Press.)
Sylvie Kandé teaches French and Francophone Literatures at New York University. She is the author of a study of Creole culture in Freetown, Terres, urbanisme et architecture "créoles" en Sierra Leone XVIIIe-XIXe siècles (1998); and has edited Discours sur le métissage, identités métisses. En quête dAriel (1999.) She has published articles, poems, and short stories, and a piece of poetic prose, Lagon, Lagunes (2000.) She is currently co-editing a book on the Haitian Revolution, and is working on Black, White and Tan Fantasy: Fictions of metissage in Francophone Literature, a book of literary criticism.
Martin A. Klein has done extensive research on the history of slavery in West Africa. Among other books, he is the author of Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa and the editor of Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia, and with Claire Robertson, of Women and Slavery in Africa. He is recently retired from teaching at the University of Toronto, Canada.
Paul E. Lovejoy is Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of History, York University, Toronto, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He has published over 15 books and 60 papers and articles on African economic history, slavery, the slave trade, and the African Diaspora. He is currently Director of the York/UNESCO Nigerian Hinterland Project and recently was awarded a Canada Research Chair, with a focus on African Diaspora Studies.
Djibril Tamsir Niane is a renowned oral historian and writer who has conducted seminal research on the history of the Malian Empire in the Middle Ages. An expert on the history and culture of Mande, he is Professor at the University of Conakry, and Director of the UNESCO Slave Route Project in Guinea. His works include Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali (Heinemann), Histoire des Mandingues de lOuest (Karthala, 1989) and several journal articles.
Ndu Life Njoku is Lecturer and Head of the History and International Studies Department at Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria. He received his Ph.D. in African History at the University of Calabar. He is the co-author of Africa : Making Whole Again (1996), the author of Studies in Imperialism and African Development (1998), and the editor of Slavery and Slave Trade in Igboland (2001). His latest article, on slave historiography, was published recently by Nigerias Journal of Humanities. He is on the editorial board of several journals.
Olatunji Ojo is a History doctoral student at York University, in Toronto, Canada. A native of Nigeria where he attended the University of Ibadan, he has carried out extensive research in the life histories of Yoruba women and descendants of slaves and slave families in Ekiti and Ondo. His publications include six entries in the Encyclopedia of Sub-Saharan Africa, while six other articles on women, slaves, and socio-economic change in Yorubaland are forthcoming
John Oriji received his Ph.D. in African History at Rutgers University. He has taught in both Nigerian and American universities, and is currently Professor of African History at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. He has authored two books in African history and 25 journal articles.
Ismail Rashid, a Sierra Leonean, is an Assistant Professor of History and Africana Studies at Vassar College. He received his Ph.D. at McGill University, Montreal, Canada. His research includes slave resistance, rural protests and anti-colonialism in Sierra Leone, and contemporary conflicts in West Africa. He has recently published "Do Dadi nor make dem Carry me: Slavery and Resistance in Sierra Leone" in Slavery and Colonial Rule (1998), and "Escape, Revolt and Marronage in 18th and 19th Century Sierra Leone Hinterland", in the Canada Journal of African Studies (2000.)
David Richardson is Professor of Economic History and Deputy Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Hull, United Kingdom. He has published a four volume series on Bristol and the African slave trade, and is co-editor of the recently published CD-Rom on the Atlantic Slave Trade (Cambridge, 1999.) He is currently working on studies of the British slave trade, shipboard revolts (with David Eltis and Stephen Behrendt), and the slave trade and the history of the Bight of Biafra (with Paul Lovejoy.)
Elisée Soumonni is Assistant Professor of History at Université Nationale du Bénin, Cotonou, Benin. He is a member of the International Scientific Committee of the UNESCO Slave Route Project, and a former Fulbright Research Scholar at Emory University, Atlanta. He has published several papers on the slave trade, including The Historiography of Dahomean Yorubaland (University of Wisconsin, 1991), The Compatibility of the Slave and Palm Oil Trades in Dahomey, (Cambridge 1995), and
The Administration of a Port of the Slave trade: Ouidah in the 19th Century (Stirling, 1999.)
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